Archaeological Investigations In The Yard Of Casa de Estudillo
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE YARD OF CASA DE ESTUDILLO,
OLD TOWN SAN DIEGO STATE HISTORIC PARK
Erin Smith, Rachel Ruston and Michael Sampson
Southern Service Center
2009
Figure 2. West and South sides of Casa de Estudillo in
Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
According to State Parks Historian Victor Walsh, the Estudillo yard at the time the family resided there in the 19th century was a place for everyday work that held outdoor ovens, stable buildings and corral in the rear, and where gardening, adobe brick making, clothes cleaning, making cloth, horse grooming, and other chores took place. The above historic-period functions may have left archaeological “signatures” that we had hoped to detect during the 2007 and 2008 Southern Service Center archaeological investigations. The reader should see Victor Walsh’s (2004) article in the Journal of San Diego History for more historical information about Casa de Estudillo.
Casa de Estudillo was sold by José Guadalupe and Salvador Estudillo to John Spreckels, a wealthy businessman, in 1906; the Estudillo family had ceased residing there by the late 1870s. Wanting to restore the house as a tourist attraction, Spreckels’ company hired local architect Mrs. Hazel Wood Waterman, a protégée of noted San Diego architect Irving Gill, in 1908 to oversee the restoration; the restoration of Casa de Estudillo took place in 1909. [The reader may wish to read the book Daring to Dream, the Life of Hazel Wood Waterman by Sally Bullard Thornton (1987) for more details about Mrs. Waterman’s life.] Mrs. Waterman apparently took great care to create a well planned restoration that was faithful to the historic period, although, Waterman’s landscaping was apparently more elaborate than that used by the Estudillo family. Significantly for us, the 1909 restoration did affect the yard of Casa de Estudillo and the integrity of archaeological remains therein (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Bricks drying for the 1909 restoration: vestiges of original
adobe in background. (Courtesy of San Diego Historical Society.)
Archaeological excavations were conducted by students from University of San Diego (USD) under the direction of Ray Brandes and James R. Moriarty (1976) in the backyard of Casa de Estudillo in October and November 1976. Initially, a waterline trench, measuring 18 inches wide, three feet deep, and 110 feet long, was excavated by the USD workers; that trench ran from the garden wall doorway on San Diego Avenue up to the northeastern corner of the yard where a garage/storage building stood. The 1937 Historic American Buildings Survey map of the site identifies this same building as “Tool House” (Figure 4). This corner of the Estudillo yard, located on Calhoun Street, was the intended location of a new State Parks restroom. The 1976 trench excavations yielded 61 fragmentary ceramic artifacts, 14 adobe tile fragments, 10 bottle glass fragments, two square nails, one bolt, 30 pieces of bone, and seven shellfish fragments.
Figure 4. Photograph of Tool House taken in 1966,
where 1976 and 2007 excavations took place.
(Courtesy of San Diego Historical Society)
The proposed location of a new restroom, situated in the northeastern corner of the Estudillo yard, was next examined by the USD archaeological team in November 1976. A garage/storage building, measuring approximately 28 feet by 20 feet, stood at this spot then, but was demolished just prior to the 1976 archaeological excavations. The latter building was apparently constructed soon after the 1909 Waterman restoration, as it does not appear on Waterman’s original restoration plans, but appears in photographs of the yard dated to 1910. The entire 28 foot by 20 foot area proposed for new construction was excavated by the USD crew. The restroom excavation showed a layer of sediments to a depth of 21 inches that was interpreted by Brandes and Moriarty as “fill materials.” An underlying 21 to 26 inches layer contained few artifacts except for “a few pieces of broken roof and floor tile.” Brandes and Moriarty (1976:25-26) hypothesized that the fill was placed in the Casa de Estudillo yard during the 1909 Waterman restoration to level out this area to aid in making it a garden. A total of 66 artifacts, including, two whole bottles, 11 bone fragments, and three shellfish pieces were recovered in the 1976 restroom block excavation.
At the request of local State Park staff, archaeologists from State Parks headquarters under the direction of Senior State Archaeologist D. L. Felton conducted archaeological excavations within the Casa de Estudillo yard plus one unit against the garden wall on the Casa de Pedrorena side in February and March 1989. Stated purposes of the 1989 archaeological and historical research consisted of (1) seeking physical evidence of historic structures and gaining an understanding of building history within the site, (2) seeking evidence of the historic grade, and, secondarily, (3) to seek evidence of historic features within the yard. Historic structures for which evidence were specifically sought included the building addition on the north wing, the so-called “adobe barn,” observed in 19th-century photographs (e.g., the 1869 Schiller photograph) and walls surrounding and within the Estudillo yard (Figure 5, below). An artifact-rich feature was uncovered along the north yard wall that dated between 1830 and 1850. The 1989 work revealed that the ca. 1909 construction grade lies from six inches to one foot below the present-day grade, and that a “substantial” wall foundation of river cobbles and mortar was employed in the 1909 Waterman restoration. According to Larry Felton, the 1989 excavations found neither clear evidence of the north wing addition seen in an 1869 photograph nor evidence of 19th century yard/garden walls. In addition to the cultural remains found along the walls, the 1989 State Parks excavations did uncover other cultural features including an east-west trending cobblestone foundation at a depth of about 1.2 feet below surface, a late-19th-century trash deposit lying at around 1.4 feet below surface, and a trash pit dating to the 1909 restoration situated at one foot to about 2.5 feet below surface. The collections resulting from the 1989 fieldwork are stored at the State Archaeological Collections Research Facility in West Sacramento under Accession Number P854. The soils and sediments encountered during the 1989 excavations differ greatly from those found in the 1976 USD excavations, which suggests Brandes and Moriarty’s interpretation of the stratigraphy may have been in error.
Figure 5. Base Map of Casa de Estudillo with locations of historic yard features
and 1976 excavations. Map created by Larry Felton, 1989.
A ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey of three transects within the 2007 project area, conducted by Dr. Mark Becker and Dr. Jerry Schaefer of ASM Affiliates, Inc. of Carlsbad, preceded the Southern Service Center excavation work in the Casa de Estudillo yard. The GPR instrument can potentially detect evidence of buried structural features and other human-made objects, such as building foundations, wells, graves, and others. Results of the GPR survey detected two “anomalies” of potential archaeological interest: one along the west side of the present restroom under the paver walkway and one at the southwest corner of the existing building. The GPR survey results helped us guide where to place our excavation units.
Figure 6. Overview of 2007 excavation grid, facing project east.
Photograph taken on November 11, 2007.
The 2007 State Parks excavations (Figure 6) showed no evidence of significant architectural remains and no evidence of buried landscape features (e.g., a well, a trash pit, or a privy). But, a total of 1,263 artifacts weighing 748.07 oz. was recovered during the 2007 excavations, from five units and two shovel test pits placed around the old restroom; these items have been cataloged under State Parks Accession P1554. This yield of artifacts seemed remarkably good given the considerable amount of disturbance observed in all the 2007 excavation units. The sources of previous ground disturbance in our project area included the 1909 restoration, the 1976 restroom construction, the previous USD excavation project, a 1996 remodel of the restroom, and miscellaneous landscaping work since 1910. Also, the 2007 excavations showed no stratigraphic evidence to support the Brandes and Moriarty hypothesis that large amounts of fill had been imported onto the Estudillo backyard during the 1909 restoration.
The 2008 construction monitoring resulted in the recovery of 220 artifacts weighing 260.02 oz.; this collection is cataloged under Accession Number P1614 (Ruston 2009). Artifacts ranging in age from the Estudillo family residency up to the late 20th century were recovered during the construction monitoring. The Estudillo family story is reflected in the numerous early-19th century ceramics recovered during the monitoring, as well as butchered bone and shellfish remains. The variety of glass items found at the site during 2008 construction grading is attributed to the early-20th century use of the Casa de Estudillo, in particular, as a house museum dedicated to the fictional Ramona. Latter-day construction materials found during monitoring provide further evidence of the disturbances identified during the 2007 excavations.
A total of 1,135 artifacts weighing 263.46 oz. was recovered during the 1976 USD project; the 1976 collection was recataloged by us under Accession Number P1576. A number of intriguing artifacts were identified in the 1976 Casa de Estudillo collections by the present writers during our reanalysis of their collection. It should be noted that other portions of the 1976 collection are believed to exist due to the reference to pieces in A Guide to Artifacts of California by Ray Brandes and James R. Moriarty (1977); these particular items are missing from the 1976 USD collection currently curated at California State Parks.
The artifacts from the 1976, 2007, and 2008 collections have been cataloged by function and attributes employing categories of “activity groups” as defined by Steve Van Wormer in a 1996 article entitled Revealing Cultural, Status, and Ethnic Differences Through Historic Artifact Analysis (Van Wormer 1996). Van Wormer’s activity group classification system has been employed at many historic sites in San Diego County, so it seemed appropriate to use it here. Consumer Items proved to be the most abundant in number of items and total weight in both the 1976 and 2007 collections, while Household Items, Building Materials and Architecture, and Kitchen were slightly less numerous. The 2008 construction monitoring project yielded a larger amount of building materials and architecture, by weight, than the 1976 and 2007 excavations, while about 32% (by weight) of the 2008 finds fell into the Consumer Item, Household, and Kitchen activity groups. All other “activity group” categories were either not represented in the three collections or were negligible in count and weight. Such findings would be expected in a residential site such Casa de Estudillo. Industrial sites, for example, will manifest few or no consumer, household, and kitchen items, but, relatively large numbers of objects fitting into the building materials, forge materials, hardware, tools, and machinery activity groups. The higher amount of building material/architecture items in the 2008 construction monitoring can largely be attributed to remnant modern-day construction materials originating from park maintenance activities and a 1996 restroom remodel by park staff.
Figure 7. Selected ceramics recovered during 2008 construction monitoring.
A surprising and noteworthy variety of ceramic types were recovered from the 1976 and 2007 excavations and the 2008 monitoring work, albeit in a fragmentary condition (Figure 7, Table 1, below). A significant number of the transfer print patterns date in the early to mid-19th century range, for example, Scroll Fond Border, Non Pariel, Sirius, and Corinth, when the Estudillo family would have occupied the adobe. Hand painted ceramics of this same era were also present in the artifact collections, that included sprig motifs, banded rims, and sponge ware. Majolica, Willow ware, Mocha ware, Export China, Flow Blue ware, and white ware are also represented in the three collections from Casa de Estudillo. We thank local ceramic expert Susan Walter for her generous assistance with the identification of the latter ceramic assemblage. We were pleasantly surprised to find a small number of Spanish/Mexican style ceramic pieces in the 1976 and 2007 Estudillo collections. With the kind assistance of Dr. Jack Williams, we were able to identify some of the hand painted ceramics as Brunida de Tonala ware that dates to ca. post-1834. Most of the ceramic items from the 1976 and the 2007 excavations and the 2008 construction monitoring then range in date from 1835 to 1849, and reflect use by the Estudillo family. The variety of patterns and the stylishness of the ceramics are a clear indication of the relatively elevated economic status the Estudillo family enjoyed in historic Old Town. Few other materials recovered from the 1976, 2007, and 2008 work in the backyard of the Casa de Estudillo can be reliably dated to the time of the Estudillo family’s residency.
Table 1. Selected ceramic patterns identified from 1976 and 2007 collections at Casa de Estudillo.
*Patterns identified with ceramic sherd from Jolly Boy, which included the words “Abbey” and “Enoche.” Identical pattern compared with the Sacramento type collection identified as Charles Meigh, and does not have marks.
The 1976 and 2007 projects at Casa de Estudillo produced a small amount of artifactual evidence of prehistoric or historic-period Native American occupation, including, debitage, five manos, and pieces of aboriginal ceramics. According to Historian Victor Walsh (2004:2), local Indian people built Casa de Estudillo. It is known that a sizable number of Indian people worked as household servants within Old Town San Diego in the nineteenth century, including, the Estudillo household, and thus Indian people played an important economic role in 19th century Old Town San Diego (Farris 2006; Sampson and Bradeen 2006; Walsh 2004:2).
Figure 8. Archaeology work in progress at Unit S30-35/E-10-15, with M. Buxton
excavating and M. Sampson talking to park visitors. Photo taken November 2007.
One rewarding aspect of the 2007 project for us was the opportunity to discuss our work every day with the general public, including, the 4th Grade school kids who come to Old Town (Figure 8). The many people who stopped to view our work in progress seemed to enjoy learning about archaeology by first-hand observation. For many of these park visitors, our Casa de Estudillo work may be their only experience with the work of archaeologists. A report for the 2007 and 2008 Southern Service Center work at Casa de Estudillo has been placed on file at various State Parks offices.
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